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Britton, Jack, Ogden, Kate and Waltmann, Ben, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creators. (2025) Using graduate earnings data in the regulation of higher education providers : Research report : May 2025. [ Graduate outcomes ]

Belfield, Chris, Britton, Jack, Buscha, Franz, Dearden, Lorraine, Dickson, Matt, van der Erve, Laura, Sibieta, Luke, Vignoles, Anna, Walker, Ian and Zhu, Yu, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creators. (2019) The impact of undergraduate degrees on early-career earnings: Research report: November 2018. [ Research report ]

Britton, Jack, Dearden, Lorraine, van der Erve, Laura and Waltmann, Ben, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creators. (2020) The impact of undergraduate degrees on lifetime earnings: Research report, February 2020. [ Research report ]

Belfield, Chris, Britton, Jack, Buscha, Franz, Dearden, Lorraine, Dickson, Matt, van der Erve, Laura, Sibieta, Luke, Vignoles, Anna, Walker, Ian and Zhu, Yu, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creators. (2018) The relative labour market returns to different degrees: Research report: June 2018. [ Research report ]

Britton, Jack, Dearden, Lorraine and Waltmann, Ben, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creators. (2021) The returns to undergraduate degrees by socio-economic group and ethnicity : research report : March 2021.

Britton, Jack, Walker, Ian, Waltmann, Ben and Zhu, Yu, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creators. (2022) How much does it pay to get good grades at university? : Research report : April 2022. [ Research and analysis ]

Britton, Jack, Drayton, Elaine and van der Erve, Laura, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
The Sutton Trust, corp creators. (2021) Which university degrees are best for intergenerational mobility? : Research report : November 2021. [ Research report (DFE) ]

Britton, Jack and Dearden, Lorraine, Department for Education (DFE)
Institute for Fiscal Studies
Institute of Education, corp creators. (2015) The 16 to 19 bursary fund: impact evaluation: Research report, June 2015. [ Research report ]

Farqurharson, Christine, McKendrick, Andrew, Ridpath, Nick and Tahir, Imran, Institute for FIscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) The state of education : what awaits the next government?

Amin-Smith, Neil, Greaves, Ellen and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2017) The Changing Educational Attainment of Graduate Recruits to Major Public Sector Occupations.

Farquharson, Christine, Rasul, Imran and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2020) Differences between key workers: IFS Briefing Note BN285.

Britton, Jack and Crawford, Claire, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2015) Estimating the Cost to Government of Providing Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education: IFS Report R105. [ IFS Report ]

Costa Dias, Monica, Farquharson, Christine, Griffith, Rachel, Joyce, Robert and Levell, Peter, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2020) Getting people back into work: IFS Briefing Note BN286.

Belfield, Chris, Britton, Jack, Dearden, Lorraine and van der Erve, Laura, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2017) Higher Education funding in England: past, present and options for the future: IFS Briefing Note BN211. [ IFS Briefing Note ]

Dearden, Lorraine, Machin, Stephen, Reed, Howard and Wilkinson, David, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (1997) Labour turnover and work-related training.

Britton, Jack, Erve van der, Laura, Waltmann, Ben and Xu, Xiaowei, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2021) London calling? Higher education, geographical mobility and early-career earnings: Research report: September 2021. [ Research report ]

Ryan, Chris and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2010) Private schooling in the UK and Australia.

Crawford, Rowena, Cribb, Jonathan, Emmerson, Carl and Simpson, Polly, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2020) Retirement expectations, attitudes and saving behaviour: how have these changed during a decade of pension reforms? [ Briefing Note ]

Crawford, Claire, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2012) Socio-economic gaps in HE participation : how have they changed over time? [ IFS briefing note ]

Chowdry, Haroon, Crawford, Claire, Dearden, Lorraine, Goodman, Alissa, Vignoles, Anna and Payne, Judith, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2008) Widening participation in higher education : analysis using linked administrative data.

Dearden, Lorraine, Fitzsimons, Emla and Goodman, Alissa, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2004) An analysis of the higher education reforms. [ IFS briefing note ]

Blundell, Richard, Dearden, Lorraine and Meghir, Costas, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (1996) The determinants and effects of work-related training in Britain.

Cattan, Sarah, Crawford, Claire and Dearden, Lorraine, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2014) The economic effects of pre-school education and quality: IFS Report R99. [ IFS Report ]

Crawford, Claire and Cribb, Jonathan, Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2015) The link between childhood reading skills and adult outcomes : analysis of a cohort of British children. [ IFS briefing note ]

Britton, Jack, Farquharson, Christine and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2019) 2019 annual report on education spending in England.

Farquharson, Christine, Sibieta, Luke, Tahir, Imran and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2021) 2021 annual report on education spending in England. [ IFS report ]

Sibieta, Luke, Tahir, Imran and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2022) Adult education : the past, present and future. [ IFS briefing note ]

Drayton, Elaine, Farquharson, Christine, Ogden, Kate, Sibieta, Luke, Tahir, Imran and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2022) Annual report on education spending in England : 2022. [ IFS report ]

Drayton, Elaine, Farquharson, Christine, Ogden, Kate, Sibieta, Luke, Snape, Darcey and Tahir, Imran, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2025) Annual report on education spending in England : 2024–25. [ IFS Report ]

Drayton, Elaine, Farquharson, Christine, Ogden, Kate, Sibieta, Luke, Tahir, Imran and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2023) Annual report on education spending in England: 2023.

Ray-Chaudhuri, Sam and Xu, Xiaowei, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2023) Are the kids alright? : The early careers of education leavers since the COVID-19 pandemic. [ IFS report ]

Henry, Anna and Wernham, Tom, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) Child poverty : trends and policy options. [ IFS Report ]

Crawford, Claire, Goodman, Alissa and Greaves, Ellen, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2013) Cohabitation, marriage, relationship stability and child outcomes : final report : IFS report R87. [ IFS report ]

Ogden, Kate, Phillips, David and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2023) Council and school funding. [ IFS report ]

Ogden, Kate and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) Higher education finances : how have they fared, and what options will an incoming government have? [ IFS report ]

Ogden, Kate, Ridpath, Nick and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) Higher long-term interest rates and the cost of student loans.

Britton, Jack, Dearden, Lorraine, Shepard, Neil and Vignoles, Anna, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2016) How English domiciled graduate earnings vary with gender, institution attended, subject and socio-economic background : IFS working paper W16/06. [ IFS working paper ]

Tahir, Imran, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2023) IFS Green Budget, Chapter 9 : Investment in training and skills : October 2023.

Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) Major challenges for education in Wales.

Crawford, Claire, Crawford, Rowena and Jin, Wenchao, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2013) The Outlook for Higher Education Spending by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. [ IFS report ]

Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) School spending in England : a guide to the debate during the 2024 general election. [ IFS report ]

Sibieta, Luke, Snape, Darcey and Tahir, Imran, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2025) Schools and colleges in the 2025 Spending Review. [ Spending Review 2025 ]

Sibieta, Luke and Snape, Darcey, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2025) Scottish school spending, teachers and pupil numbers.

Sibieta, Luke and Snape, Darcey, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) Spending on special educational needs in England : something has to change. [ IFS Report ]

Farquharson, Christine, Drayton, Elaine and Olorenshaw, Harriet, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2023) Support for childcare and the early years : Submission to the Education Select Committee’s call for evidence. [ IFS report ]

Crawford, Claire, Dearden, Lorraine and Greaves, Ellen, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2013) When you are born matters : evidence for England : IFS report R80. [ IFS report ]

Andrew, Alison, Bandiera, Oriana, Costa-Dias, Monica and Landais, Camille, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2023) Women and men at work.

Farquharson, Christine and Olorenshaw, Harriet, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2022) The changing cost of childcare.

Crawford, Claire and Greaves, Ellen, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2013) A comparison of commonly used socio-economic indicators : their relationship to educational disadvantage and relevance to Teach First IFS report R79. [ IFS report ]

Carneiro, Pedro, Cattan, Sarah, Conti, Gabriella, Crawford, Claire, Drayton, Elaine, Farquharson, Christine and Ridpath, Nick, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) The effect of Sure Start on youth misbehaviour, crime and contacts with children’s social care. [ IFS Report ]

Carniero, Pedro, Cattan, Sarah, Conti, Gabriella, Crawford, Claire, Farquharson, Christine and Ridpath, Nick, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2025) The short- and medium-term effects of Sure Start on children’s outcomes. [ IFS Report ]

Carneiro, Pedro, Cattan, Sarah and Ridpath, Nick, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) The short- and medium-term impacts of Sure Start on educational outcomes.

Britton, Jack, Ridpath, Nick, Villa, Carmen and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2025) The short-and long-run effects of the Education Maintenance Allowance.

Moura, Bruno and Tahir, Imran, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) The state of college finances in England. [ IFS Report ]

Farquharson, Christine, McKendrick, Andrew, Ridpath, Nick and Tahir, Imran, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2024) The state of education : what awaits the next government? [ IFS report ]

Cattan, Sarah, Fitzsimons, Emla, Goodman, Alissa, Phimister, Angus, Ploubidis, George B. and Wertz, Jasmin, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London (UCL)
Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University
University of Edinburgh, corp creators. (2022) Early childhood inequalities. [ IFS Deaton review of inequalities ]

Cribb, Jonathan, Farquharson, Christine, McKendrick, Andrew and Waters, Tom, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2023) The policy menu for school lunches: options and tradeoffs in expanding free school meals in England.

Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2023) How does school spending per pupil differ across the UK?

Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2023) Tax, private school fees and state school spending.

Sibieta, Luke and Tahir, Imran, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2023) What has happened to college teacher pay in England?

Belfield, Chris and Erve, Laura van der, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
University College London (UCL), corp creators. (2019) The impact of higher education on the living standards of female graduates : IFS working paper W18/25. [ IFS working paper ]

Blundell, Richard, Dias, Monica Costa, Cribb, Jonathan, Joyce, Robert, Waters, Tom, Wernham, Thomas and Xu, Xiaowei, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
University College London (UCL)
University of Bristol, corp creators. (2021) Inequality and the Covid crisis in the United Kingdom. [ Working paper ]

Banks, James, Karjalainen, Heidi and Waters, Tom, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
University of Manchester
University College London (UCL), corp creators. (2023) Inequalities in disability.

Farquharson, Christine, McNally, Sandra and Tahir, Imran, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
University of Surrey
Centre for Economic Performance
London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), corp creators. (2022) Education inequalities. [ IFS Deaton review of inequalities ]

Crawford, Claire, Crawford, Rowena and Jin, Wenchao, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
University of Warwick, corp creators. (2014) Estimating the public cost of student loans. [ IFS report ]

Crawford, Claire and Jin, Wenchao, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS)
University of Warwick, corp creators. (2014) Payback time? : student debt and loan repayments : what will the 2012 reforms mean for graduates? [ IFS report ]

Chowdry, Haroon, Dearden, Lorraine and Wyness, Gill, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council, corp creators. (2010) Higher education reforms : progressive but complicated with an unwelcome incentive. [ IFS briefing note ]

Chowdry, Haroon and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council, corp creators. (2011) School funding reform : an empirical analysis of options for a national funding formula. [ IFS briefing note ]

Goodman, Alissa and Kaplan, Greg, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council, corp creators. (2003) Study now, pay later or HE for free? An assessment of alternative proposals for higher education finance. [ Commentary ]

Chowdry, Haroon and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council, corp creators. (2011) Trends in education and schools spending. [ IFS briefing note ]

Britton, Jack, Crawford, Claire and Dearden, Lorraine, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2015) Analysis of the higher education funding reforms announced in Summer Budget 2015: IFS Briefing Note BN174. [ IFS Briefing note ]

Belfield, Chris, Britton, Jack and van der Erve, Laura, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2018) Higher Education finance reform: Raising the repayment threshold to £25,000 and freezing the fee cap at £9,250: IFS Briefing note BN217. [ IFS Briefing note ]

Cassidy, Rachel, Cattan, Sarah, Crawford, Claire and Dytham, Siobhan, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2019) How can we increase girls’ uptake of maths and physics A-level?

Blundell, Richard, Green, David and Jin, Wenchao, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2016) The puzzle of graduate wages: IFS Briefing Note BN185. [ IFS Briefing note ]

Joyce, Robert and Waters, Tom, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC)
Children's Commissioner for England
Children's Commissioner for Wales, corp creators. (2018) Free school meals under universal credit: IFS Briefing note BN232. [ IFS Briefing note ]

Belfield, Chris, Goll, David and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC)
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2018) Socio-economic differences in total education spending in England: middleclass welfare no more: IFS Briefing Note BN242. [ IFS Briefing Note ]

Belfield, Chris, Britton, Jack, van der Erve, Laura and Shephard, Neil, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC)
Nuffield Foundation
Universities UK, corp creators. (2019) Where is the money going? Estimating the government cost of different university degrees : IFS Briefing Note BN244. [ IFS Briefing Note ]

Belfield, Chris, Britton, Jack and Hodge, Louis, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC)
Universities UK, corp creators. (2018) Options for reducing the interest rate on student loans and introducing maintenance grants: IFS Briefing note BN221. [ IFS Briefing note ]

Cattan, Sarah, Conti, Gabriella, Farquharson, Christine and Ginja, Rita, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic & Social Research Council
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2019) The health effects of Sure Start.

Cattan, Sarah, Farquharson, Christine, Krutikova, Sonya, Phimister, Angus and Sevilla, Almudena, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic and Social Research Council, corp creators. (2020) Trying times : how might the lockdown change time use in families? [ IFS briefing note ]

Andrew, Alison, Cattan, Sarah, Costa-Dias, Monica, Farquharson, Christine, Kraftman, Lucy, Krutikova, Sonya, Phimister, Angus and Sevilla, Almudena, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Economic and Social Research Council
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2020) Learning during the lockdown: real-time data on children’s experiences during home learning. [ IFS briefing note ]

Chowdry, Haroon, Greaves, Ellen, Sibieta, Luke and Payne, Judith, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, corp creators. (2010) The pupil premium : assessing the options. [ IFS Commentary ]

Goodman, Alissa, Greaves, Ellen and Payne, Judith, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2010) Cohabitation, marriage and child outcomes. [ IFS Commentary ]

Crawford, Claire, Goodman, Alissa, Greaves, Ellen, Joyce, Robert and Payne, Judith, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2011) Cohabitation, marriage, relationship stability and child outcomes : an update. [ IFS Commentary ]

Crawford, Claire, Dearden, Lorraine, Greaves, Ellen and Payne, Judith, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2011) Does when you are born matter? : the impact of month of birth on children’s cognitive and non-cognitive skills in England : a report to the Nuffield Foundation.

Dearden, Lorraine, Goodman, Alissa, Kaplan, Greg, Wyness, Gill and Payne, Judith, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2010) Future arrangements for funding higher education. [ IFS Commentary ]

Dearden, Lorraine, Fitzsimons, Emla, Goodman, Alissa and Kaplan, Greg, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2005) Higher Education Funding Policy: Who Wins and Who Loses? A Comprehensive Guide to the Current Debate. [ Commentary ]

Joyce, Robert and Xu, Xiaowei, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2019) Inequalities in the twenty-first century : introducing the IFS Deaton Review. May 2019.

Britton, Jack, Crawford, Claire, Crawford, Rowena and Dearden, Lorraine, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2015) Labour’s higher education funding plans. [ IFS Election briefing note 2015 ]

Belfield, Chris and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation, corp creators. (2016) Long-Run Trends in School Spending in England: IFS Report R115. [ IFS Report ]

Goodman, Alissa and Greaves, Ellen, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council, corp creators. (2010) Cohabitation, marriage and relationship stability. [ IFS briefing note ]

Chowdry, Haroon, Dearden, Lorraine, Jin, Wenchao and Lloyd, Barnaby, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council, corp creators. (2012) Fees and student support under the new higher education funding regime : what are different universities doing? [ IFS briefing note ]

Dearden, Lorraine, Hodge, Louis, Jin, Wenchao, Levine, Alexander and Williams, Laura, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council, corp creators. (2014) Financial support for HE students since 2012. [ IFS briefing note ]

Sibieta, Luke, Belfield, Chris and Farquharson., Christine, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2018) 2018 Annual Report on Education Spending in England.

Belfield, Chris, Crawford, Claire and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2018) Long-run comparisons of spending per pupil across different stages of education.

Belfield, Chris and Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC), corp creators. (2017) The short- and long-run impact of the national funding formula for schools in England: IFS Briefing Note BN195. [ IFS Briefing Note ]

Allen, Rebecca, Belfield, Chris, Greaves, Ellen, Sharp, Caroline and Walker, Matt, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC)
Education Datalab
National Foundation for Educational Research, corp creators. (2016) The Longer-Term Costs and Benefits of Different Initial Teacher Training Routes: IFS Report 118. [ IFS Report ]

Allen, Rebecca, Belfield, Chris, Greaves, Ellen, Sharp, Caroline and Walker, Matt, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC)
National Foundation for Educational Research, corp creators. (2014) The Costs and Benefits of Different Initial Teacher Training Routes: IFS Report R100. [ IFS Report ]

Britton, Jack, Farquharson, Christine, Sibieta, Luke, Tahir, Imran and Waltmann, Ben, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield Foundation
Economic and Social Research Council, corp creators. (2020) 2020 annual report on education spending in England. [ IFS report ]

Sibieta, Luke, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Nuffield foundation, corp creators. (2015) Schools spending. [ IFS Election briefing note 2015 ]

Crawford, Claire, Greaves, Ellen and Jin, Wenchao, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Social Mobility Foundation
J.P. Morgan
Economic & Social Research Council
University of Warwick, corp creators. (2015) An Evaluation of the Impact of the Social Mobility Foundation Programmes on Education Outcomes: IFS Report R104. [ IFS Report ]

Bourquin, Pascale, Cribb, Jonathan, Waters, Tom and Xu, Xiaowei, The Institute for Fiscal Studies, corp creator. (2019) Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK : 2019.

Sibieta, Luke and Tahir, Imran, lnstitute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. (2021) Further education and sixth form spending in England. [ IFS report ]

Cattan, Sarah, Farquharson, Christine, Krutikova, Sonya, McKendrick, Andrew and Sevilla, Almudena, lnstitute for Fiscal Studies (IFS), corp creator. How did parents’ experiences in the labour market shape children’s social and emotional development during the pandemic? [ IFS report ]